Primary Sources
1958 Fallout Poster. Civil Defense Museum. Civildefensemuseum.com 29 September 2013. Web. February 2, 2014.
This website contained many primary source materials that were used to reach out and educate the public regarding
the need to protect themselves with bomb shelters and food storage.
Allen v. United States 588 F. Supp. 247 (D. Utah 1984). Casetext.com. n.d. Web. January 11, 2014.
This is the recorded judgment of the case. In addition to quoting the judgment, we also used this site to create a
screenshot that was taken in order use it as a graphic.
Barrett Productions. "A Time-Lapse Map of Every Nuclear Explosion Since 1945 - by Isao Hashimoto." Youtube.com. n.d.
Web. Jan 11, 2014
A very visual representation of every nuclear bomb detonation between 1945 and 1998. A screen shot was used to
show the dramatic totals.
Bulloch v. United States 763 F.2d 1115 (1985). Leagle.com. 2013. Web. January 11, 2014.
This is the recorded judgment of the case. In addition to quoting the judgment, we also used this site to create a
screenshot that was taken in order use it as a graphic.
Carpenter, Crystal. “Special Collections houses Stewart Udall Papers.” University of Arizona. LibraryArizona.edu. n.d. Web.
February 21, 2014.
This link was Mr. Udall’s obituary, so it contained a photo we used for the site.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Report on Health Consequences to the American Population from Nuclear
Weapons Tests conducted by the United States and Other Nations.” CDC.gov. April, 2005. Web.
February 26, 2014.
When there was a request to increase the amount of compensation for the RECA Act, the Senate Appropriations
Committee asked the Department of Health and Human Services in 1998 to conduct as study about the harm
caused by the nuclear tests and this report is the result of what they learned. It references the National Cancer
Institute report. There are many maps included.
Cortez, Marjorie. “Utahns Pause to Honor Downwinders and Call for Senate Ratification of Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban
Treaty.” Deseret News. Deseretnews.com. 27 January 2013. Web. February 24, 2014.
This article had first had accounts of experiences of downwinders and was a firsthand story about the memorial held
on Downwinders Day.
DeBirk, Rob. [email protected] Re: Jan. 27th. 10 January 2014. Personal E-mail.
After seeing a newspaper article about Downwinder’s Day in the Salt Lake Tribune, we were curious if there was
going to be another memorial coming up soon, so we sent an email to Rob to ask. The information he provided us
with is listed on the Downwinder’s day page. In addition to informing us that there was an event coming up, he
offered to let us use radio interview clips he had recently done with Downwinders and reviewed our website.
Dillon, Lucinda. "Toxic Utah: Ghosts in the Wind." Deseretnews.org. 15 February 2001. Web. February 5, 2014.
This newspaper article had many first hand accounts of families with serious medical conditions and their experiences
since they directly experienced Fallout.
Gallagher, Carole. "American Ground Zero: The Secret Nuclear War." The MIT Press. 1993. 461. Print.
This is a photojournalism book. The author photographed and recorded the first hand accounts of many people who were
downwinders or directly related to them. It also had photos of the area and her own personal research. This book was the
primary source for the personal stories page.
Green, Eric. “Art Gallery” civildefensemuseum.com. September 29th, 2013. Web. January 11, 2014.
This website contained primary source material that has been collected by the museum. The picture used from this page
was contained in the online gallery.
Hashimoto, Isao. “1945-1998.” Preparatory Commission for Comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty organization. Ctbto.org. January 2011.
Web. February 24, 2014.
This was an artists multimedia piece. In its original format it is a 14 minute video, so due to time restrictions, only a screen shot
summarizing every nuclear explosion and a count of each explosion by country was included.
House Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. The Forgotten Guinea Pigs. 96th Cong., 2d sess., August 1980. pp. 33,
36-37. Lib.berkley.edu. Web. January 11, 2014.
This was the report that was created after the various congressional hearings. It was the document we used to help
create the title for our project. It was the first time that evidence came out light about the lies and cover up that had
gone on in the 1950’s. It was the first time the government really admitted they had done wrong.
House Resolution 330, 112th Congress, (2011). GovTrack.us. Web. January 11, 2014
This was the recorded resolution making January 27th, the official Downwinder’s Memorial Day. We also used this
page to create a screenshot to use as a graphic.
Liddell, Brady. National Atomic Testing Museum Collections Photos. 2013. JPEG
Seven of the pictures on the historical artifacts page were of primary source materials that were on display that we
photographed when we visited the National Atomic Testing Museum last fall.
National Cancer Institute. Estimated Exposure and Thyroid Doses Received by the American People from Iodine-131 Fallout
Following Nevada Atmospheric Nuclear Bomb Tests. 1997. Cancer.gov. Web. January 11, 2014.
This report contained many of the explanatory graphs and pictures that were used in the Background page. Much of
this information was collected during the time of the blasts, but was not effectively combined and made into a
summative public report until this document. This document is frequently referenced in other books and articles.
Nelson, Trent. A Candlelight Vigil. 27 January 2012. Sltrib.com. Web. January 11, 2014.
This is the photo that was part of the Salt Lake tribune article about the memorial in honor of the first official
Downwinder’s Day held in Salt Lake City.
Plumbbob Photo. U.S. Department of Energy. National Nuclear Security Administration. Nv.energy.gov. 17 April 2013. Web.
February 2, 2014.
This site has many primary source documents, photos and videos and audio clips relating to everything that
happened at the Nevada Test Site.
Schmidt, William. Judge Says U.S. Lied in Fallout Case. New York Times. August 5,1982 Nytimes.com. Web.
January 15, 2014.
Short article reporting on the reversal of Judge Christiansen’s decisions. Since this article was written at the time
of the decision, it has been included with primary sources.
United States Department of Justice. Radiation exposure compensation Act. Justice.gov. Web. January 11, 2014
This is the official government site explaining the RECA Act and who it applies to. In addition to a detailed
summary of the act it also contains a map of the affected areas.
United States. Warning Handbill. Nevada Test Site Guide. DOE/NV-715. 11 January 1951. Nv.doe.gov. Web.
January 11, 2014.
This hand was distributed before the release of the first bomb, and it flatly states there will be no harm from the
bombs they plan to detonate.
Secondary Sources
Ball, Howard. Justice Downwind: America's Atomic testing Program in the 1950's. New York: Oxford, 1986. 280. Print.
This was the second book that was used the most to help us complete this project. This was another historian’s
account of the Downwinder’s. This book had very good explanations of what a nuclear bomb is and how it works.
This book is not as frequently referenced as Fradkin’s book, even though in content and primary source material
they are very similar.
Del Tredici, Robert. “At Work in the Fields of the Bomb: Judge A. Sherman Christensen.” Nuclear Age Peace Foundation.
Nuclearfiles.org. 2014. Web. February 27, 2014.
This website has a trove of information. It has a timeline, and biographies of important people. It has a library with videos,
images and audio clips all related to issues related to anything that has to do with nuclear weapons. We used pictures
from the library on our site.
Fradkin, Philip L., Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy. Arizona: University Press, 1989. 300. Print.
This is the definitive historical account of the Downwinder’s experience. It is frequently referenced by many of the
other articles and books. He recorded the entire experience and collected firsthand accounts and quotes from many
primary source documents. This was the book that informed us the most regarding this project.
Healthy Environment Alliance of Utah. Downwinders: Bombs in our Backyard. Healutah.org. n.d. Web. January 11, 2014.
This website is primarily a political activist site, with the goal of prevent all nuclear testing and storage, especially
within the state of Utah. However, it does contain some primary photos and a more concise summary of the specific
political players in recent times with the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. It was by reaching out to this organization that we
learned about the upcoming memorial being planned for January 27th.
Morgan, Chris. “For Bomb and Country: Learning to Love It for Real This Time.” Biopsy Magazine. 21 May, 2012. Web.
February 2, 2014.
This website had a primary source picture. However, most of the website was an article that went off on a tangent
about what can happen when a government lies or betrays its citizens.
McMormick, John. Scott M. Matheson. Utah History Encyclopedia. Historytogo.utah.gov. Web. January 15, 2014.
While this is the specific link used to obtain a copy of a picture Scott Matheson, this website was used for many
reason. It was the website that really drew us to our topic and had a least two different good pages that summarized
the Downwinder’s experience.
Nuclear Neighborhoods: 11,000 Generations “Particles on the Wall Project.” Physicians for Social Responsibility. PSR.org. n.d.
Web. Jan. 14, 2014.
This page was an archive of pieces used in an art exhibit. It had a map showing total nuclear fallout. It also contained primary
source pictures and artwork created at the time.
Physicians for Social Responsibility “Nuclear Neighborhoods: 11,000 Generations.” Psr.org. July, 2013. Web.
February 2, 2014.
This website was displaying images it had gathered of primary source materials that it was using for a travel museum
display about the beginning of the atomic era. It contained artwork, maps and photos.
Simon, Steven, and Bouville, Andre. Fallout from Nuclear Weapons Test and Cancer Risk. American Scientist.
Americanscientist.org. n.d. Web. January 11, 2014.
A shorter easy to read summary and explanation of the National Cancer Institute study regarding how and when there
was a buildup of iodine as a result of the nuclear test fallout. It included maps and graphics explaining the build-up of
fallout.
Seegmiller, Janet. “Nuclear Testing and the Downwinders: The History of Iron County.” Historytogo.utah.gov. 2014.
Web. February 26, 2014.
This website was were the idea for the project began. It was a nice, short, fact-filled piece that summarized what happened as
a result of the nuclear tests in Southern Utah. This site gave us ideas as to how to organize our own website.
Sternglass, Ernest. Secret Fallout: Low-Level Radiation from Hiroshima to Three-Mile Island. Ratical.org. Web.
January 15, 2015
Online book about events leading up to the Test Ban Treaty. It contained a great quote from President Kennedy that
helped turn the tide of governmental thinking to start accepting responsibility for choices they had made.
Udall, Stewart. AEC Concealed Cause of Sheep Deaths. Deseretnews.com. May 24 1994. Web. Jan 15th, 2014
Udall was a lawyer in the Downwinder suit brought against the government and the Secretary of the Interior. This was
essentially an opinion piece, recalling the events of the 1950’s that he wrote for the local paper. A straightforward
article about exactly how the deceit of the people was managed by the AEC.
Website original word total: 1185
1958 Fallout Poster. Civil Defense Museum. Civildefensemuseum.com 29 September 2013. Web. February 2, 2014.
This website contained many primary source materials that were used to reach out and educate the public regarding
the need to protect themselves with bomb shelters and food storage.
Allen v. United States 588 F. Supp. 247 (D. Utah 1984). Casetext.com. n.d. Web. January 11, 2014.
This is the recorded judgment of the case. In addition to quoting the judgment, we also used this site to create a
screenshot that was taken in order use it as a graphic.
Barrett Productions. "A Time-Lapse Map of Every Nuclear Explosion Since 1945 - by Isao Hashimoto." Youtube.com. n.d.
Web. Jan 11, 2014
A very visual representation of every nuclear bomb detonation between 1945 and 1998. A screen shot was used to
show the dramatic totals.
Bulloch v. United States 763 F.2d 1115 (1985). Leagle.com. 2013. Web. January 11, 2014.
This is the recorded judgment of the case. In addition to quoting the judgment, we also used this site to create a
screenshot that was taken in order use it as a graphic.
Carpenter, Crystal. “Special Collections houses Stewart Udall Papers.” University of Arizona. LibraryArizona.edu. n.d. Web.
February 21, 2014.
This link was Mr. Udall’s obituary, so it contained a photo we used for the site.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Report on Health Consequences to the American Population from Nuclear
Weapons Tests conducted by the United States and Other Nations.” CDC.gov. April, 2005. Web.
February 26, 2014.
When there was a request to increase the amount of compensation for the RECA Act, the Senate Appropriations
Committee asked the Department of Health and Human Services in 1998 to conduct as study about the harm
caused by the nuclear tests and this report is the result of what they learned. It references the National Cancer
Institute report. There are many maps included.
Cortez, Marjorie. “Utahns Pause to Honor Downwinders and Call for Senate Ratification of Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban
Treaty.” Deseret News. Deseretnews.com. 27 January 2013. Web. February 24, 2014.
This article had first had accounts of experiences of downwinders and was a firsthand story about the memorial held
on Downwinders Day.
DeBirk, Rob. [email protected] Re: Jan. 27th. 10 January 2014. Personal E-mail.
After seeing a newspaper article about Downwinder’s Day in the Salt Lake Tribune, we were curious if there was
going to be another memorial coming up soon, so we sent an email to Rob to ask. The information he provided us
with is listed on the Downwinder’s day page. In addition to informing us that there was an event coming up, he
offered to let us use radio interview clips he had recently done with Downwinders and reviewed our website.
Dillon, Lucinda. "Toxic Utah: Ghosts in the Wind." Deseretnews.org. 15 February 2001. Web. February 5, 2014.
This newspaper article had many first hand accounts of families with serious medical conditions and their experiences
since they directly experienced Fallout.
Gallagher, Carole. "American Ground Zero: The Secret Nuclear War." The MIT Press. 1993. 461. Print.
This is a photojournalism book. The author photographed and recorded the first hand accounts of many people who were
downwinders or directly related to them. It also had photos of the area and her own personal research. This book was the
primary source for the personal stories page.
Green, Eric. “Art Gallery” civildefensemuseum.com. September 29th, 2013. Web. January 11, 2014.
This website contained primary source material that has been collected by the museum. The picture used from this page
was contained in the online gallery.
Hashimoto, Isao. “1945-1998.” Preparatory Commission for Comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty organization. Ctbto.org. January 2011.
Web. February 24, 2014.
This was an artists multimedia piece. In its original format it is a 14 minute video, so due to time restrictions, only a screen shot
summarizing every nuclear explosion and a count of each explosion by country was included.
House Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. The Forgotten Guinea Pigs. 96th Cong., 2d sess., August 1980. pp. 33,
36-37. Lib.berkley.edu. Web. January 11, 2014.
This was the report that was created after the various congressional hearings. It was the document we used to help
create the title for our project. It was the first time that evidence came out light about the lies and cover up that had
gone on in the 1950’s. It was the first time the government really admitted they had done wrong.
House Resolution 330, 112th Congress, (2011). GovTrack.us. Web. January 11, 2014
This was the recorded resolution making January 27th, the official Downwinder’s Memorial Day. We also used this
page to create a screenshot to use as a graphic.
Liddell, Brady. National Atomic Testing Museum Collections Photos. 2013. JPEG
Seven of the pictures on the historical artifacts page were of primary source materials that were on display that we
photographed when we visited the National Atomic Testing Museum last fall.
National Cancer Institute. Estimated Exposure and Thyroid Doses Received by the American People from Iodine-131 Fallout
Following Nevada Atmospheric Nuclear Bomb Tests. 1997. Cancer.gov. Web. January 11, 2014.
This report contained many of the explanatory graphs and pictures that were used in the Background page. Much of
this information was collected during the time of the blasts, but was not effectively combined and made into a
summative public report until this document. This document is frequently referenced in other books and articles.
Nelson, Trent. A Candlelight Vigil. 27 January 2012. Sltrib.com. Web. January 11, 2014.
This is the photo that was part of the Salt Lake tribune article about the memorial in honor of the first official
Downwinder’s Day held in Salt Lake City.
Plumbbob Photo. U.S. Department of Energy. National Nuclear Security Administration. Nv.energy.gov. 17 April 2013. Web.
February 2, 2014.
This site has many primary source documents, photos and videos and audio clips relating to everything that
happened at the Nevada Test Site.
Schmidt, William. Judge Says U.S. Lied in Fallout Case. New York Times. August 5,1982 Nytimes.com. Web.
January 15, 2014.
Short article reporting on the reversal of Judge Christiansen’s decisions. Since this article was written at the time
of the decision, it has been included with primary sources.
United States Department of Justice. Radiation exposure compensation Act. Justice.gov. Web. January 11, 2014
This is the official government site explaining the RECA Act and who it applies to. In addition to a detailed
summary of the act it also contains a map of the affected areas.
United States. Warning Handbill. Nevada Test Site Guide. DOE/NV-715. 11 January 1951. Nv.doe.gov. Web.
January 11, 2014.
This hand was distributed before the release of the first bomb, and it flatly states there will be no harm from the
bombs they plan to detonate.
Secondary Sources
Ball, Howard. Justice Downwind: America's Atomic testing Program in the 1950's. New York: Oxford, 1986. 280. Print.
This was the second book that was used the most to help us complete this project. This was another historian’s
account of the Downwinder’s. This book had very good explanations of what a nuclear bomb is and how it works.
This book is not as frequently referenced as Fradkin’s book, even though in content and primary source material
they are very similar.
Del Tredici, Robert. “At Work in the Fields of the Bomb: Judge A. Sherman Christensen.” Nuclear Age Peace Foundation.
Nuclearfiles.org. 2014. Web. February 27, 2014.
This website has a trove of information. It has a timeline, and biographies of important people. It has a library with videos,
images and audio clips all related to issues related to anything that has to do with nuclear weapons. We used pictures
from the library on our site.
Fradkin, Philip L., Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy. Arizona: University Press, 1989. 300. Print.
This is the definitive historical account of the Downwinder’s experience. It is frequently referenced by many of the
other articles and books. He recorded the entire experience and collected firsthand accounts and quotes from many
primary source documents. This was the book that informed us the most regarding this project.
Healthy Environment Alliance of Utah. Downwinders: Bombs in our Backyard. Healutah.org. n.d. Web. January 11, 2014.
This website is primarily a political activist site, with the goal of prevent all nuclear testing and storage, especially
within the state of Utah. However, it does contain some primary photos and a more concise summary of the specific
political players in recent times with the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. It was by reaching out to this organization that we
learned about the upcoming memorial being planned for January 27th.
Morgan, Chris. “For Bomb and Country: Learning to Love It for Real This Time.” Biopsy Magazine. 21 May, 2012. Web.
February 2, 2014.
This website had a primary source picture. However, most of the website was an article that went off on a tangent
about what can happen when a government lies or betrays its citizens.
McMormick, John. Scott M. Matheson. Utah History Encyclopedia. Historytogo.utah.gov. Web. January 15, 2014.
While this is the specific link used to obtain a copy of a picture Scott Matheson, this website was used for many
reason. It was the website that really drew us to our topic and had a least two different good pages that summarized
the Downwinder’s experience.
Nuclear Neighborhoods: 11,000 Generations “Particles on the Wall Project.” Physicians for Social Responsibility. PSR.org. n.d.
Web. Jan. 14, 2014.
This page was an archive of pieces used in an art exhibit. It had a map showing total nuclear fallout. It also contained primary
source pictures and artwork created at the time.
Physicians for Social Responsibility “Nuclear Neighborhoods: 11,000 Generations.” Psr.org. July, 2013. Web.
February 2, 2014.
This website was displaying images it had gathered of primary source materials that it was using for a travel museum
display about the beginning of the atomic era. It contained artwork, maps and photos.
Simon, Steven, and Bouville, Andre. Fallout from Nuclear Weapons Test and Cancer Risk. American Scientist.
Americanscientist.org. n.d. Web. January 11, 2014.
A shorter easy to read summary and explanation of the National Cancer Institute study regarding how and when there
was a buildup of iodine as a result of the nuclear test fallout. It included maps and graphics explaining the build-up of
fallout.
Seegmiller, Janet. “Nuclear Testing and the Downwinders: The History of Iron County.” Historytogo.utah.gov. 2014.
Web. February 26, 2014.
This website was were the idea for the project began. It was a nice, short, fact-filled piece that summarized what happened as
a result of the nuclear tests in Southern Utah. This site gave us ideas as to how to organize our own website.
Sternglass, Ernest. Secret Fallout: Low-Level Radiation from Hiroshima to Three-Mile Island. Ratical.org. Web.
January 15, 2015
Online book about events leading up to the Test Ban Treaty. It contained a great quote from President Kennedy that
helped turn the tide of governmental thinking to start accepting responsibility for choices they had made.
Udall, Stewart. AEC Concealed Cause of Sheep Deaths. Deseretnews.com. May 24 1994. Web. Jan 15th, 2014
Udall was a lawyer in the Downwinder suit brought against the government and the Secretary of the Interior. This was
essentially an opinion piece, recalling the events of the 1950’s that he wrote for the local paper. A straightforward
article about exactly how the deceit of the people was managed by the AEC.
Website original word total: 1185